1. List out the characteristics of FOP.
1. Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
2. Most of the functions share global data
3. Functions transform data from one form to another.
4. It employs top-down approach.

2. List out the characteristics of OOP.
1. Programs are divided into objects.
2. Data is hidden.
3. Objects communicate with each other, by sending messages and receiving responses.
4. It follows bottom-up approach.

3. List down the basic concepts of OOP.
1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data abstraction and encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism
6. Dynamic binding
7. Message passing

4. Define an object.
Objects are the basic run time entities in an object oriented system.
They may represent a person, a place or any item that a program has to handle.

5. Define Object Oriented Programming.
OOP is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as co-operative collection of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united through the property called Inheritance.

6. Define a class.
A class is a collection of objects with similar attributes and operations.
Eg. Class – Account
It will create an object savings_account belonging to the class Account.

7. Define Encapsulation.
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit is known as encapsulation. The data is kept safe from external interference and misuse.

8. Define Data hiding?
The isolation of data from direct access by the program is called as data hiding or information hiding.

9. Define Abstraction.
It refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details.

10. Define ADT?
The classes which are using the concept of data abstraction is known as abstract data types (ADT).

11. Define data member and member function?
The attributes which are holding the information is known as data members.
The functions that operate on data member are sometimes called as member function.

12. Define Inheritance?
Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class. The new derived class inherits the members of the base class and also adds its own.

13. Define Polymorphism?
It allows a single name/operator to be associated with different operations depending on the type of data passed to it. An operation may exhibit different behaviors in different instances.

14. Define dynamic binding?
Dynamic binding means that the code associated with the given procedure call is not known until the time of call at runtime.

15. What is message passing?
It is the process of invoking an operation on an object. In response to a message, the corresponding function is executed in the object.

16. List down the benefits of OOP?
1. The principle of data hiding helps to build secure programs.
2. Through inheritance, redundant code is eliminated.
3. Software complexity can be easily managed.

17. List down the applications of OOP.
1. Real time system
2. Simulation and modeling
3. AI and expert system
4. Neural network programming.
5. CAD/CAM systems.

18. What is Implicit Type Conversion?
When an expression consists of data items of different types, the compiler performs type conversions automatically. This is referred as Implicit Type Conversion.

19. What are the differences between ‘break’ and ‘continue’ statement.

Break
Break statement takes the control to the outside of loop
It is used in loop and also in switch statement

continue
Continue statement takes the control to the beginning of loop
It can be used only in loop statement.

20. Distinguish ‘while’ and ‘do – while’ statements.

While
This is the top tested loop
Loop is not executed if the condition is false

do while
This is the bottom tested loop
Loop is executed at least once even though the condition is false.

21. Give the syntax of Array Initialization with an example.
Data-type array-name[size] = {list of values separated by comma};
(eg.) int mark[5] = {96,45,66,74,82};

22. Give four examples for String Manipulation functions.
strlen( ) – finds the length of string
strcpy( ) – copies the contents of one string to another
strcat( ) – concatenates two strings into one single string
strupr( ) – converts a lower case string to upper case

23. List the different types of parameter passing techniques.
(i) Pass by value
(ii) Pass by Address
(iii) Pass by Reference

24. What is Dynamic memory allocation?
Allocation of memory space for any data structure during the course of the program execution is called as Dynamic memory allocation.

25. How memory management is performed dynamically in C++?
Two operators are available for dynamic memory management.
(i) new – for dynamic memory allocation
(ii) delete – for dynamic memory deallocation
PROGRAMMING IN C++

1. Define class?
A class is a way to bind data and its associated functions together. It allows the data to be hidden if necessary.

2. What are the parts of class specification?
The class specification has two parts
1. Class declaration – To describe the type and scope of its members
2. Class function definition – To describe how the class functions are implemented.

3. Write the syntax of class declaration
class classname
{
Private:
Variable declaration;
Function declaration;
Public:
Variable declaration;
Function declaration;
};

4. Where will you define a member function?
Member functions can be defined in two places.
1. Outside the class definition.
2. Inside the class definition.

5. Give the syntax for member function definition outside the class.
Return type class name:: function name (argument name declaration)
{
function body
}

6. List the characteristics of member function.
1. Member function can access the private data of class.
2. A member function can call another member function directly without using the dot operator.

7. Define nesting of member function.
A member function can be called by using its name inside another member function of the same class. This is known as nesting of member functions.

8. List the properties of static members.
A data member of a class can be qualified as static properties.
1. It is always initialized to zero when the first object of its class is created.
2. It is visible only within the class.

9. Write the properties of static member function.
1. A static function can have access to only other static members declared in the same class.
2. A static member function can be called using the class name (Instead of objects) as
follows: class name:: function name;

10. Define constructor?
A constructor is a special member function whose task is to initialize the object of its class.
It is called constructor because it constructs the value of data members of the class.

11. What are the characteristics of constructor?
1. Constructors should be declared in public section.
2. They are involved automatically when the objects are created.
3. They do not have return types.
4. They can not be inherited.

12. Define parameterized constructor.
Arguments can be passed to the constructor function when the objects are created. The constructors that can take arguments are called as parameterized constructor.

13. What is an implicit constructor?
C++ compiler has an implicit constructor which creates objects even though it was not defined in the class.

14. What is the use of copy constructor?
Copy constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another object.
E.g. Class name object2 (object1);
Will define the object2 and at the same time initialize it the values of object1.

15. What do you mean by dynamic construction?
Allocation of memory to objects at the time of their contraction Is known as dynamic contraction of objects.

16. What is the use of destructor?
It is used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructor. It releases the memory space for future use.

17. What are the characteristics of destructor?
1. A destructor is a member function whose name is the same as the class name but it is preceded by a tilde.
2. It neither takes any argument nor returns any value.
3. It will be invoked implicitly by the compiler to cleanup the storage.

18. Define operator overloading?
The process of making an operator to exhibit different behaviors in different instances is known as operator overloading.

19. Define function overloading?
Performing different types of task using single function name is referred as function overloading.

20. Define Virtual function.
When the form of a member function is changed at run time, that member function is referred to as virtual function.

November 8, 2007 Posted by Roy Antony Arnold | C++, OOPS | | No Comments Yet

OOPS – Set 5

1. What is an interface?

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> An interface is a kind of class.

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> An interfaces contain methods and variables. But the interfaces define only abstract methods and final fields.

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> That is the interface do not specify any code to implement these methods and data fields contain only constants.

SYNTAX:
interface InterfaceName
{
variables declaration;
methods declaration;
}

 
2. How the interfaces are extended ?

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> Interfaces can be sub interfaced from other interfaces.

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> The new sub interface will inherit all the members of the super interface in the manner similar to subclasses.

SYNTAX:

interface name2 extends name1
{
Body of name2;
}

 
3. What is a package?

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> Packages are java’s way of grouping a variety of classes and/or interfaces together.

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> This is act as containers for classes.

<!–[if !supportLists]–>· <!–[endif]–> The advantages are

(i) The classes contained in the packages of other programs can be easily reused.

(ii) In packages, classes can be unique compared with classes in other packages. That is two classes in two different packages can have the same name.

(iii) Packages provide a way to hide classes thus preventing other programs or packages from accessing classes that are meant for internal use